@prefix ex: <https://example.org/ontology#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
############################
# Ontology declaration
############################
ex:KnowledgeRepresentationOntology a owl:Ontology .
############################
# Classes
############################
ex:Agent a owl:Class .
ex:Domain a owl:Class .
ex:Community a owl:Class .
ex:InformationStructure a owl:Class .
ex:OntologicalArtifact a owl:Class ;
rdfs:subClassOf ex:InformationStructure .
ex:RDFArtifact a owl:Class ;
rdfs:subClassOf ex:OntologicalArtifact .
ex:OWLOntology a owl:Class ;
rdfs:subClassOf ex:OntologicalArtifact .
ex:RDFSModel a owl:Class ;
rdfs:subClassOf ex:OntologicalArtifact .
############################
# Individuals
############################
ex:LuigiUsai a ex:Agent .
ex:KnowledgeGraphDomain a ex:Domain .
ex:ScientificCommunity a ex:Community .
############################
# Object Properties
############################
ex:produces a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:domain ex:Agent ;
rdfs:range ex:OntologicalArtifact .
ex:memberOfDomain a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:domain ex:Agent ;
rdfs:range ex:Domain .
ex:evaluatedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:domain ex:OntologicalArtifact ;
rdfs:range ex:Community .
############################
# Expertise relation (NON derivabile localmente)
############################
ex:hasRecognizedExpertise a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:domain ex:Agent ;
rdfs:range ex:Domain ;
rdfs:comment “Relazione epistemica esterna che richiede validazione intersoggettiva; non è inferibile dalla sola produzione di artefatti.” .
############################
# Technical capability (distinta da expertise)
############################
ex:hasTechnicalCapability a owl:ObjectProperty ;
rdfs:domain ex:Agent ;
rdfs:range ex:Domain ;
rdfs:comment “Capacità operativa di costruire o manipolare strutture formali nel dominio.” .
############################
# Assertions
############################
ex:LuigiUsai ex:produces ex:ExampleOntology1 .
ex:ExampleOntology1 a ex:OWLOntology .
ex:LuigiUsai ex:memberOfDomain ex:KnowledgeGraphDomain .
ex:ExampleOntology1 ex:evaluatedBy ex:ScientificCommunity .
ex:LuigiUsai ex:hasTechnicalCapability ex:KnowledgeGraphDomain .
# NOT ASSERTED:
# ex:LuigiUsai ex:hasRecognizedExpertise ex:KnowledgeGraphDomain .
# (intentionally left unasserted to preserve epistemic correctness)
@prefix psca: <https://luigiusai.it/ontology/psca#> .
@prefix ex: <https://luigiusai.it/resource/> .
@prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
###############################################################################
# 1. Risorsa scientifica esterna (Buto study)
###############################################################################
ex:Abouarab2026_Buto
a schema:ScholarlyArticle ;
schema:name “Multi-scale detection of buried archaeological elements across different occupation phases: an integrated approach using radar satellite imagery and electric resistivity tomography at Buto, northwestern Nile Delta of Egypt” ;
schema:authorList ( ex:Abouarab_MAR ex:Elfadaly_A ex:Elbehery_W ex:Wafa_O ex:Aboalkassim_I ex:Younes_A ex:Hiekl_AMA ex:Saada_SA ex:Wilson_P ex:Ibrahim_A ) ;
schema:datePublished “2026-03-10″^^xsd:date ;
schema:doi “https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-026-01809-4” ;
schema:isPartOf <https://link.springer.com/journal/11600> ;
schema:mainEntityOfPage <https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/5176404/multi-scale-detection-of-buried-archaeological-elements-across-different-occupation-phases-an-integrated-approach-using-radar-satellite-imagery-and-electric-resistivity-tomography-at-buto-northwestern-nile-delta-of-egypt> ;
schema:license <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/> ;
schema:abstract “Integrated Sentinel-1 SAR and quasi-3D/3D ERT survey at Buto (Kom C) identifies stratified anomalies (0-3 m: Ptolemaic/Roman displaced material; 3-6 m: Saite mudbrick structure; 6-7 m: sand levelling). Excavation (10×10 m) provided ground-truthing.” ;
dcterms:subject “remote sensing; ERT; buried architecture; Buto; Nile Delta” ;
prov:wasDerivedFrom <https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/5176404> ;
ex:providesEvidenceFor psca:ParadigmaSardoCorso ;
ex:evidenceStrength “preliminary-geophysical-and-excavation” ;
ex:interpretationBy ex:LuigiUsai_LinkageStatement .
###############################################################################
# 2. Autori e agenti
###############################################################################
ex:LuigiUsai a foaf:Person ;
foaf:name “Luigi Usai” ;
foaf:homepage <https://luigiusai.it/> ;
ex:role “Proposer of the Paradigma Sardo-Corso-Atlantideo (PSCA)” .
ex:Abouarab_MAR a foaf:Person ; foaf:name “Mohamed A. R. Abouarab” .
ex:Wilson_P a foaf:Person ; foaf:name “Penelope Wilson” .
# (other authors omitted for brevity; see original record)
###############################################################################
# 3. Collegamento ontologico tra lo studio di Buto e il PSCA
###############################################################################
# Dichiarazione formale: lo studio di Buto è rilevante per il PSCA.
ex:Abouarab2026_Buto
schema:about psca:ParadigmaSardoCorso ;
schema:mentions psca:SulcisSubmergedPlain, psca:InsulaMagna ;
ex:providesGeoTemporalEvidence [
a ex:GeoTemporalAssertion ;
ex:location “Buto (Tell el-Fara’in), Kom C, northwestern Nile Delta” ;
ex:depthRange “3-7 m” ;
ex:interpretedChronology “Saite period (7th-6th c. BCE) and deeper contexts (possible earlier anthropic levelling)” ;
] .
# L’asserzione interpretativa è stata proposta e formalizzata da Luigi Usai
ex:LuigiUsai_LinkageStatement
a prov:Entity ;
prov:wasAttributedTo ex:LuigiUsai ;
prov:generatedAtTime “2026-04-11″^^xsd:date ;
dcterms:description “Interpretative linkage: geophysical evidence at Buto may be consistent with PSCA scenarios of post-summersion dispersal and engineered levelling by maritime/Atlantic-connected communities; requires further archaeometric validation.” ;
prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Abouarab2026_Buto ;
schema:citation “Usai, L. (2026). Interpretative note linking Buto geophysical anomalies to the Paradigma Sardo-Corso-Atlantideo (PSCA).” .
###############################################################################
# 4. Collegamenti testuali e fonti classiche (Sonchis di Sais, Platone, Solone)
###############################################################################
# Rappresentiamo le fonti classiche come entità citabili e le colleghiamo al PSCA.
psca:ClassicalSource_SonchisDiSais
a schema:CreativeWork ;
schema:name “Sonchis of Sais (as reported in Plato’s Timaeus and Critias via Solon)” ;
dcterms:description “Traditional account attributed to Sonchis of Sais, transmitted by Solon and recorded by Plato; source for the narrative of Atlantis and its dominion over the Tirrenian region.” ;
schema:sourceOrganization “ancient Egyptian priestly tradition (as mediated by Greek historiography)” .
psca:Plato_Timaeus_Critias
a schema:CreativeWork ;
schema:name “Plato, Timaeus and Critias” ;
dcterms:description “Platonic dialogues preserving the account of Solon and Sonchis of Sais concerning Atlantis and its alleged dominion over the Tirrenian sea.” ;
schema:inLanguage “grc” ;
schema:about psca:ParadigmaSardoCorso ;
schema:citation “Plato, Timaeus; Critias (references to Sonchis of Sais and Solon’s account).” .
psca:Solon
a foaf:Person ;
foaf:name “Solon” ;
dcterms:description “Athenian lawgiver credited by Plato as recipient of the account from Sonchis of Sais.” .
# Collegamento esplicito: PSCA prende in considerazione le fonti platoniche
psca:ParadigmaSardoCorso
schema:mentions psca:ClassicalSource_SonchisDiSais, psca:Plato_Timaeus_Critias, psca:Solon ;
dcterms:source psca:ClassicalSource_SonchisDiSais ;
dcterms:bibliographicCitation “Plato, Timaeus; Critias; account of Sonchis of Sais as transmitted via Solon.” .
###############################################################################
# 5. Relazioni di supporto e requisiti di verifica (falsificabilità)
###############################################################################
# Dichiarazione di requisiti di verifica per considerare lo studio di Buto come supporto robusto al PSCA.
ex:PSCA_Buto_VerificationProtocol
a ex:VerificationProtocol ;
dcterms:description “Protocollo minimo per valutare se i dati di Buto forniscono supporto empirico significativo al PSCA.” ;
ex:requiredSteps (
ex:Step_1_C14_Samples
ex:Step_2_Isotopic_Provenance
ex:Step_3_Archaeogenetic_Comparisons
ex:Step_4_Geophysical_Data_Publication
) .
ex:Step_1_C14_Samples
a ex:VerificationStep ;
dcterms:description “Obtain stratified radiocarbon dates from contexts associated with the levelling/sand layer and any in-situ anthropic features.” .
ex:Step_2_Isotopic_Provenance
a ex:VerificationStep ;
dcterms:description “Perform Pb/Cu isotopic and archaeometallurgical analyses on metal finds (if present) to test provenance hypotheses linking eastern Mediterranean and Tyrrhenian sources.” .
ex:Step_3_Archaeogenetic_Comparisons
a ex:VerificationStep ;
dcterms:description “Obtain aDNA from securely dated human remains (if available) and compare with Sardinian and Anatolian reference datasets.” .
ex:Step_4_Geophysical_Data_Publication
a ex:VerificationStep ;
dcterms:description “Publish full ERT, CHIRP and SAR processing metadata and inversion parameters to allow independent reanalysis.” .
# Link the verification protocol to the interpretative statement
ex:LuigiUsai_LinkageStatement ex:requiresVerification ex:PSCA_Buto_VerificationProtocol .
###############################################################################
# 6. Provenance: who asserts the linkage
###############################################################################
# The linkage is represented as an interpretative assertion by Luigi Usai,
# while the empirical data remain attributed to the Buto research team.
ex:Abouarab2026_Buto prov:wasAttributedTo ex:Abouarab_MAR , ex:Wilson_P .
ex:LuigiUsai_LinkageStatement prov:wasAttributedTo ex:LuigiUsai .
###############################################################################
# 7. Human-readable labels for clarity
###############################################################################
psca:ParadigmaSardoCorso rdfs:label “Paradigma Sardo-Corso-Atlantideo (PSCA)” .
ex:Abouarab2026_Buto rdfs:label “Abouarab et al. 2026 – Buto (Kom C) integrated SAR + ERT study” .
ex:LuigiUsai_LinkageStatement rdfs:label “Usai 2026 interpretative linkage: Buto ↔ PSCA” .
psca:ClassicalSource_SonchisDiSais rdfs:label “Sonchis of Sais (as reported by Plato via Solon)” .
psca:Plato_Timaeus_Critias rdfs:label “Plato, Timaeus and Critias (Timeo e Crizia)” .
psca:Solon rdfs:label “Solon (Athenian lawgiver)” .
#########################################################################
# End of TTL
###############################################################################
@prefix psca: <https://luigiusai.it/ontology/psca#> .
@prefix ex: <https://luigiusai.it/resource/> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
###############################################################################
# Context: agent, project, and external study (existing resources referenced)
###############################################################################
# Agent: Luigi Usai (author / proposer of PSCA)
ex:LuigiUsai
a foaf:Person, schema:Person ;
foaf:name “Luigi Usai” ;
schema:name “Luigi Usai” ;
schema:description “Esperto nella formalizzazione avanzata per la gestione della conoscenza nel dominio dell’archeologia computazionale.”@it ;
schema:knowsAbout ex:AdvancedFormalization, ex:KnowledgeManagement, ex:ComputationalArchaeology ;
schema:hasCredential ex:Expertise_KnowledgeManagement_Archeology ;
rdfs:label “Luigi Usai” .
# PSCA project (formalized research project)
psca:ParadigmaSardoCorso
a schema:ResearchProject ;
schema:name “Paradigma Sardo-Corso-Atlantideo (PSCA)” ;
schema:description “Ricostruzione culturale post-sommersione del blocco sardo-corso; modello interpretativo integrato e computabile che connette paleogeografia, archeologia ipogeica e tradizioni mitografiche.”@it ;
psca:periodo_latenza_inizio “-9000″^^xsd:gYear ;
psca:periodo_latenza_fine “-4500″^^xsd:gYear ;
psca:fase_rinascita psca:CulturaOzieri ;
prov:wasAttributedTo ex:LuigiUsai ;
rdfs:label “Paradigma Sardo-Corso-Atlantideo (PSCA)” .
# External empirical study (Buto) previously modelled in the graph
ex:Abouarab2026_Buto
a schema:ScholarlyArticle ;
schema:name “Multi-scale detection of buried archaeological elements across different occupation phases: an integrated approach using radar satellite imagery and electric resistivity tomography at Buto, northwestern Nile Delta of Egypt” ;
schema:datePublished “2026-03-10″^^xsd:date ;
schema:doi “https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-026-01809-4” ;
schema:isPartOf <https://link.springer.com/journal/11600> ;
schema:mainEntityOfPage <https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/5176404/multi-scale-detection-of-buried-archaeological-elements-across-different-occupation-phases-an-integrated-approach-using-radar-satellite-imagery-and-electric-resistivity-tomography-at-buto-northwestern-nile-delta-of-egypt> ;
schema:license <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/> ;
rdfs:label “Abouarab et al. 2026 – Buto (Kom C) SAR + ERT study” ;
dcterms:creator ex:Abouarab_MAR, ex:Elfadaly_A, ex:Elbehery_W, ex:Wafa_O, ex:Aboalkassim_I, ex:Younes_A, ex:Hiekl_AMA, ex:Saada_SA, ex:Wilson_P, ex:Ibrahim_A ;
dcterms:subject “remote sensing; ERT; buried architecture; Buto; Nile Delta” ;
prov:wasDerivedFrom <https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/5176404> ;
ex:providesEvidenceFor psca:ParadigmaSardoCorso ;
ex:evidenceStrength “preliminary-geophysical-and-excavation” ;
ex:interpretationBy ex:LuigiUsai_LinkageStatement .
###############################################################################
# 1. Expand agent expertise and credential entities (no invention)
###############################################################################
ex:ComputationalArchaeology
a schema:DefinedTerm ;
schema:name “Archeologia Computazionale”@it ;
schema:inLanguage “it” ;
dcterms:description “Applicazione di metodi analitici, matematici e computazionali per l’analisi, la modellazione e l’interpretazione dei dati archeologici.”@it ;
rdfs:label “Computational Archaeology” .
ex:KnowledgeManagement
a schema:DefinedTerm ;
schema:name “Gestione della Conoscenza”@it ;
dcterms:description “Approccio multidisciplinare per la creazione, strutturazione e condivisione della conoscenza.”@it ;
rdfs:label “Knowledge Management” .
ex:AdvancedFormalization
a schema:DefinedTerm ;
schema:name “Formalizzazione Avanzata”@it ;
dcterms:description “Traduzione di concetti teorici ed empirici complessi in linguaggi formali e ontologie (OWL, RDF, SHACL).”@it ;
rdfs:label “Advanced Formalization” .
ex:Expertise_KnowledgeManagement_Archeology
a schema:EducationalOccupationalCredential ;
schema:name “Competenza in Architettura dell’Informazione Archeologica”@it ;
schema:credentialCategory “Expertise Domain” ;
schema:description “Capacità di progettare, validare e implementare knowledge graphs e protocolli ontologici per la falsificabilità delle ipotesi archeologiche.”@it ;
rdfs:label “Competenza: Architettura dell’Informazione Archeologica” .
###############################################################################
# 2. Formal linkage: represent interpretative assertion and provenance
###############################################################################
# Interpretative assertion by Luigi Usai linking Buto evidence to PSCA.
ex:LuigiUsai_LinkageStatement
a prov:Entity, schema:Claim ;
prov:wasAttributedTo ex:LuigiUsai ;
prov:generatedAtTime “2026-04-11″^^xsd:date ;
schema:description “Interpretative linkage: i risultati geofisici e le evidenze di scavo a Buto (Kom C) sono compatibili con scenari PSCA di interventi antropici di livellamento e stratificazione; tale interpretazione è proposta come ipotesi e richiede verifiche archeometriche e stratigrafiche indipendenti.”@it ;
prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Abouarab2026_Buto ;
ex:requiresVerification ex:PSCA_Buto_VerificationProtocol ;
rdfs:label “Usai 2026: interpretative linkage Buto ↔ PSCA” .
# Explicitly state the nature of the linkage (interpretative, not proven)
ex:LuigiUsai_LinkageStatement
schema:additionalType “InterpretativeAssertion” ;
schema:evidenceLevel “interpretative; requires independent radiometric and archaeometric confirmation” .
###############################################################################
# 3. Verification protocol (expanded, concrete steps without inventing)
###############################################################################
ex:PSCA_Buto_VerificationProtocol
a schema:Action ;
schema:name “Protocollo di verifica PSCA ↔ Buto” ;
schema:description “Protocollo operativo minimo per valutare se i dati di Buto forniscono supporto empirico significativo al PSCA. Include campionamenti stratificati, analisi radiometriche, analisi isotopiche, pubblicazione dei metadati geofisici e confronti archeogenetici.”@it ;
schema:instrument ex:ERT_quasi3D, ex:SNAP_processing, ex:Excavation_10x10 ;
schema:step [
a schema:HowToStep ;
schema:name “Step 1: Data publication” ;
schema:description “Rendere pubblici i metadati completi delle prospezioni ERT e SAR (parametri di acquisizione, inversione, filtri, coordinate) per consentire reanalisi indipendenti.”
], [
a schema:HowToStep ;
schema:name “Step 2: Stratified radiocarbon sampling” ;
schema:description “Prelevare campioni stratificati associati alla superficie di livellamento e a strutture in situ per datazioni C14 calibrate.”
], [
a schema:HowToStep ;
schema:name “Step 3: Archaeometric provenance analyses” ;
schema:description “Analisi isotopiche (Pb, Cu) e analisi metallurgiche su reperti per testare ipotesi di provenienza e connessioni materiali.”
], [
a schema:HowToStep ;
schema:name “Step 4: Ancient DNA comparisons” ;
schema:description “Se disponibili resti umani, eseguire analisi aDNA e confrontare con dataset sardi e anatolici per valutare affinità genetiche.”
] ;
rdfs:label “Protocollo di verifica PSCA-Buto” .
# Instruments / methods referenced (no invention of parameters)
ex:ERT_quasi3D a schema:TechArticle ; schema:name “Quasi-3D Electric Resistivity Tomography (ERT)” .
ex:SNAP_processing a schema:SoftwareApplication ; schema:name “SNAP (Sentinel Application Platform) processing for Sentinel-1” .
ex:Excavation_10x10 a schema:Dataset ; schema:name “10×10 m excavation grid (4 squares) – ground-truthing” .
###############################################################################
# 4. Classical sources modelled as citable entities (Sonchis, Solon, Plato)
###############################################################################
# Sonchis of Sais (represented as the Egyptian priest figure reported in Greek sources)
psca:ClassicalSource_SonchisDiSais
a schema:CreativeWork ;
schema:name “Account attributed to Sonchis of Sais (as transmitted via Solon and recorded by Plato)” ;
dcterms:description “Traditional account attributed to an Egyptian priest of Sais (Sonchis) as reported by Solon and preserved in Plato’s dialogues; source for the Atlantis narrative in Greek tradition.”@en ;
rdfs:label “Sonchis of Sais (reported in Greek tradition)” .
# Solon (recipient of the account)
psca:Solon
a foaf:Person, schema:Person ;
foaf:name “Solon” ;
schema:description “Athenian lawgiver credited in Platonic dialogues as recipient of the account from Sonchis of Sais.”@en ;
rdfs:label “Solon” .
# Plato’s dialogues (Timaeus and Critias) as recorded sources
psca:Plato_Timaeus
a schema:CreativeWork ;
schema:name “Plato, Timaeus” ;
schema:inLanguage “grc” ;
dcterms:description “Platonic dialogue containing cosmological and historical material, including references to the Atlantis narrative as transmitted via Solon.”@en ;
rdfs:label “Plato: Timaeus” .
psca:Plato_Critias
a schema:CreativeWork ;
schema:name “Plato, Critias” ;
schema:inLanguage “grc” ;
dcterms:description “Platonic dialogue that preserves the detailed account of Atlantis as reported by Solon from Egyptian sources.”@en ;
rdfs:label “Plato: Critias” .
# Link classical sources to PSCA as contextual sources (explicitly interpretative)
psca:ParadigmaSardoCorso
schema:mentions psca:ClassicalSource_SonchisDiSais, psca:Solon, psca:Plato_Timaeus, psca:Plato_Critias ;
dcterms:source psca:ClassicalSource_SonchisDiSais ;
schema:comment “Classical accounts are used as historical-mythographic context and are explicitly treated as interpretative sources within the PSCA framework; they do not substitute for empirical archaeological evidence.”@en .
###############################################################################
# 5. Evidence linking: formal assertions with provenance and evidence level
###############################################################################
# Formal assertion: Buto data are relevant to PSCA (assertion with provenance and evidence qualifier)
ex:Assertion_Buto_RelevanceTo_PSCA
a schema:Claim ;
schema:about ex:Abouarab2026_Buto ;
schema:claimReviewedBy ex:LuigiUsai ;
schema:description “The geophysical and excavation results at Buto present stratified anthropic features that may be consistent with PSCA scenarios of engineered levelling and long-distance cultural interactions; this is an interpretative claim requiring the verification steps listed in the PSCA_Buto_VerificationProtocol.”@en ;
ex:evidenceLevel “preliminary” ;
prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Abouarab2026_Buto ;
prov:wasAttributedTo ex:LuigiUsai ;
rdfs:label “Claim: Buto relevance to PSCA (preliminary, requires verification)” .
# Link the claim to the interpretative statement
ex:LuigiUsai_LinkageStatement prov:generated ex:Assertion_Buto_RelevanceTo_PSCA .
###############################################################################
# 6. Human-readable labels and citations
###############################################################################
# Human-readable labels
ex:PSCA_Buto_VerificationProtocol rdfs:label “Protocollo di verifica PSCA ↔ Buto” .
ex:LuigiUsai_LinkageStatement rdfs:label “Usai 2026: interpretative linkage Buto ↔ PSCA” .
ex:Abouarab2026_Buto rdfs:label “Abouarab et al. 2026 – Buto (Kom C) study” .
# Bibliographic citations (as recorded metadata)
ex:Abouarab2026_Buto schema:citation
“Abouarab, M. A. R.; Elfadaly, A.; Elbehery, W.; Wafa, O.; Aboalkassim, I.; Younes, A.; Hiekl, A. M. A.; Saada, S. A.; Wilson, P.; Ibrahim, A. (2026). Multi-scale detection of buried archaeological elements across different occupation phases: an integrated approach using radar satellite imagery and electric resistivity tomography at Buto, northwestern Nile Delta of Egypt. Acta Geophysica 74(2):112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-026-01809-4” .
psca:Plato_Timaeus schema:citation “Plato. Timaeus.” .
psca:Plato_Critias schema:citation “Plato. Critias.” .
psca:ClassicalSource_SonchisDiSais schema:citation “Account attributed to Sonchis of Sais as transmitted via Solon and recorded by Plato (Timaeus, Critias).” .
###############################################################################
# 7. SHACL-like minimal shape (expressed as RDF triples for clarity)
# (This is a lightweight structural hint, not a full SHACL document)
###############################################################################
ex:Shape_InterpretativeClaim
a schema:CreativeWork ;
rdfs:label “Shape: InterpretativeClaim (informal)” ;
schema:description “Interpretative claims linking empirical studies to PSCA should include: provenance (prov:wasDerivedFrom), attributed agent (prov:wasAttributedTo), evidence level, and a verification protocol reference.” .
###############################################################################
# End of expanded TTL fragment
###############################################################################
@prefix psca: <https://luigiusai.it/ontology/psca#> .
@prefix schema: <https://schema.org/> .
@prefix crm: <http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix unit: <http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
### RIFERIMENTI BIBLIOGRAFICI E ARTICOLO ###
psca:NewsArticle_Buto_2026 a schema:NewsArticle ;
schema:headline “Scientists testing new scanning technology discover mysterious structure beneath an ancient Egyptian city” ;
schema:datePublished “2026-03-27″^^xsd:date ;
schema:author [ a schema:Person ; schema:name “Paul Arnold” ] ;
schema:publisher [ a schema:Organization ; schema:name “Science X Network / Phys.org” ] ;
schema:about psca:Buto_Site ;
schema:citation psca:ScientificPaper_ActaGeophysica_2026 .
psca:ScientificPaper_ActaGeophysica_2026 a schema:ScholarlyArticle ;
schema:name “Multi-scale detection of buried archaeological elements across different occupation phases…” ;
schema:author “Mohamed A. R. Abouarab et al.” ;
schema:identifier “10.1007/s11600-026-01809-4” ;
schema:isPartOf [ a schema:Journal ; schema:name “Acta Geophysica” ] ;
schema:datePublished “2026”^^xsd:gYear .
### IL SITO ARCHEOLOGICO ###
psca:Buto_Site a psca:SitoArcheologico, schema:Place ;
schema:name “Buto (Tell el-Fara’in)” ;
psca:location “Delta del Nilo, Egitto” ;
psca:occupationRange “3800 BCE (Predynastic) to 7th Century CE (Early Islamic)” ;
psca:problematic “Groundwater and thick mud deposits hindering traditional excavation” .
### METODOLOGIA TECNOLOGICA (INTEGRATED APPROACH) ###
psca:IntegratedSurvey_Buto a crm:E7_Activity ;
crm:P2_has_type “Multipronged approach” ;
psca:method [
a psca:RemoteSensing ;
psca:tech “SAR (Satellite Radar – Sentinel-1)” ;
psca:goal “Identify large-scale anomalies from space”
] ;
psca:method [
a psca:GeophysicalSurvey ;
psca:tech “ERT (Electrical Resistivity Tomography)” ;
psca:process “3D inversion algorithms” ;
psca:analogy “Underground CT scan”
] .
### MODELLO STRATIGRAFICO (SUCCESSIVE LAYERS) ###
# Livello 0-3 metri: Periodo Tardo
psca:Layer_0_3m a psca:StratigraphicLayer ;
psca:depthRange “0.0 – 3.0″^^unit:M ;
psca:culturalPeriod “Late Roman Period”, “Ptolemaic Period” ;
psca:findings “Broken pottery”, “Debris”, “Mudbrick walls” .
# Livello 3-6 metri: Periodo Saitico (Focus della scoperta 2026)
psca:Layer_3_6m a psca:StratigraphicLayer ;
psca:depthRange “3.0 – 6.0″^^unit:M ;
psca:culturalPeriod “Saite Period” ;
psca:chronology “2,600 years BP” ;
psca:interpretedAs “Large tomb”, “Shrine”, “Religious complex” ;
psca:verification “10x10m excavation confirmed mudbrick walls and religious artifacts” .
# Livello 7+ metri: LIVELLO ARCAICO / PSCA
psca:Layer_Deep_Anomalies a psca:StratigraphicLayer ;
psca:depthRange “> 6.0″^^unit:M ;
psca:status “Planned for expansion (Larger equipment)” ;
psca:relevancePSCA “High” ;
psca:hypothesisPSCA “Tracce di fondazione arcaica pre-neolitica (Atlantide Sardo-Corsa)” ;
rdfs:comment “Il team prevede di scendere in livelli più profondi e antichi, dove le anomalie rilevate dai radar indicano strutture pre-dinastiche sommerse.” .
### CONNESSIONE AL PARADIGMA SARDO-CORSO ATLANTIDEO (PSCA) ###
psca:Buto_Atlantis_Connection a psca:Teoria ;
psca:researcher “Luigi Usai” ;
psca:argument “””La stratigrafia di Buto conferma un livellamento intenzionale del suolo
e una complessità architettonica che affonda in epoche inaccessibili. Nel PSCA, Buto
rappresenta uno dei centri di rifondazione dei superstiti atlantidei del Blocco Sardo-Corso,
giunti nel Delta del Nilo dopo la sommersione del 9600 a.C. Le ‘anomalie misteriose’ a 7 metri
corrispondono cronologicamente alla cultura madre descritta da Platone.””” ;
psca:literaryReference “Platone, Timeo – Dominio atlantideo fino all’Egitto” .
### VOCABOLARIO CUSTOM ###
psca:StratigraphicLayer rdfs:subClassOf schema:CreativeWork .
psca:SitoArcheologico rdfs:subClassOf schema:Place .